Marine Biodiversity Management under the UNCLOS: Scope and Challenges in the era of blue Economy Policy
Keywords:
Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (ABNJ), Blue Economy, Ocean Economy, Marine biodiversity management, Sustainable Development Goals, Sustainability
Abstract
Developing a governance framework for marine biodiversity, explicitly to Marine Genetic Resources (MGRs) is crucial for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity. Addressing the challenge of protecting biodiversity in the global ocean requires a sound knowledge and understanding of the complex marine environment with a sound support for ocean governance, including data development and expert consultation, that could also contribute to the UN Decade of Ocean Science for the proposed 2021–2030 Sustainable Development. Future challenges include capacity building and new approaches to incorporate traditional knowledge. Even though the CBD framework put forward a legal framework for the governance of biological diversity from within national jurisdiction, but the issue of biodiversity governance from beyond national jurisdictions remained unaddressed. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) framework leaves behind the marine scientific research activities under the ‘freedom of high seas’ regime, but the international community has become increasingly aware of the growing threats to marine biodiversity in ABNJ and been conferring alternatives to conserve and sustainably use it. UNCLOS proposes to promote sustainable use and conservation of marine living resources especially marine mammals and highly migratory species but specifically silent on marine genetic resources and promotion of marine scientific research in ABNJ for the efficient utilization of resources. UNCLOS lacks modern conservation principles (such as the ecosystem approach and precautionary principle) and conservation tools (such as strategic environmental assessments and marine spatial planning) that is part of achieving sustainable development goals. This paper aims to do critical study of UNCLOS provisions and the international legal principles and economical concepts to bring a balance between competing values, perspectives and interests in the conservation and sustainable governance of marine biodiversity is aimed through this paper.
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The negotiations proceed and there is clear conflict between the developed and developing nations on the applicability of the CHM. Developing countries demand for the retention of CHM in the BBNJ also and to extend it for the sustainable use of living resources i.e, MGRs and MGRTK from ABNJ so as to assure benefit sharing as envisaged for deep sea mining carried out under the ISA. Developed nations asks for ‘freedom of high seas’ as recognized in UNCLOS for marine scientific research, that does not demand benefit sharing for the use of, especially commercial benefits from the use of MGRs- resources.
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R.P. ANAND, COMMON HERITAGE OF MANKIND: MUTILATION OF AN IDEA, 189-191 INDIAN J. INT'L L, (Brill | Nijhoff 1997). https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004480285_008.
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The Potential of the Blue Economy: Increasing Long-term Benefits of the Sustainable Use of Marine Resources for Small Island Developing States and Coastal Least Developed Countries, World Bank and United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Bank Washington DC, (2017).
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Michelle Voyer et. al, Shades of blue: what do competing interpretations of the Blue Economy mean for oceans governance?. 20(5) JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY & PLANNING 595, 610- 614 (2018).
Pia Frederiksen et.al,, Proposing an ecosystem services-based framework to assess sustainability impacts of maritime spatial plans (MSP-SA), 208 OCEAN & COASTAL MANAGEMENT (2021).
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The Potential of the Blue Economy: Increasing Long-term Benefits of the Sustainable Use of Marine Resources for Small Island Developing States and Coastal Least Developed Countries, World Bank and United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Bank, Washington DC, (2017).
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Felix Mallin, Awash with contradiction: capital, ocean space and the logics of the Blue Economy Paradigm, GEOFORUM 113, 121-132 (2020).
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SDG 1 for no poverty and SDG 2 for zero hunger. Through sustainable utilization and exploitation of resources, the interrelated objectives of the SDGs could be achieved. Through participating IPLCs for conservation activities, poverty eradication through assured income is promised. At the same time, sustainable utilization of resources will prevent biodiversity loss resulting in food security for the world, since the marine areas have immense scope for food production through maritime aquaculture practices. https://sdgs.un.org/goals
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Supra note 52 at 9.
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Duarte, C.M. et al., Will the Oceans Help Feed Humanity?, 59 BIOSCIENCE 967, 968- 969 (2009).
Duarte, C. M. et al., Rebuilding marine life. 580 (7801) NATURE 39, 39-40 (2020).
Lubchenco, J. & Grorud-Colvert, K. Making waves: The science and politics of ocean protection, SCIENCE 350, 382-383 (2015).
J. Virdin et. al, The Ocean 100: Transnational corporations in the ocean economy, 7(3) SCIENCE ADVANCES, (2021). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc8041.
Supra note 1.
Jean-Baptiste Jouffray et al, The Blue Acceleration: The trajectory of human expansion into the ocean, 2(1) ONE EARTH 43, 43- 44 (2020).
Michelle Voyer et.al, Shades of blue: What do competing interpretations of the Blue Economy mean for oceans governance? 20(5) J. ENVIRON. POLICY PLAN 595, 598 (2018).
Supra note 1.
Supra note 1.
PATIL PG ET. AL, TOWARD A BLUE ECONOMY : A PATHWAY FOR BANGLADESH’S SUSTAINABLE GROWTH, (World Bank 2018). Accessed July 3, 2022. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/30014
Michelle Voyer et.al, Supra note 8, at 2.
D. J. McCauley et.al, Marine defaunation: Animal loss in the global ocean, 347(6219) SCIENCE, (2015). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1255641
Nathan. J. Bennett et. al, Towards a sustainable and equitable blue economy, 2(11) NATURE SUSTAINABILITY 991, 991-993 (2019).
Everett, Tim, et al, Economic growth and the environment, MPRA PAPER NO. 23585, (2010). Accessed July 2, 2022. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/23585/
Jennifer.J. Silver et. al, Blue economy and competing discourses in international oceans governance, 24(2) J. ENV. DEVELOP 135, 147 (2015).
Sustainable Development, United Nations, Department of Economic and social Affairs, Accessed July 1, 2022, https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg14.
Jennifer.J. Silver et. al, Supra note 16, at 3.
D. Pyć, Global ocean governance, 10(1) TRANSNAV: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON MARINE NAVIGATION AND SAFETY OF SEA TRANSPORTATION 159, 160- 161 (2016).
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 §PREAMBLE.
John E. Noyes, The Common Heritage of Mankind: Past, Present, and Future, 40 DENV. J. INT’L L. & POL’Y 447, 452- 454 (2012). Content downloaded/printed from Hein Online (http://heinonline.org) Fri Jan 3 12:04:37 2014
Taisaku IKESHIMA, The Implementation Mechanism of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS): A General Overview, 73 WASEDA GLOBAL FORUM, 80- 82 (2012).
Robert Beckman and Tara Davenport, The EEZ regime: reflections after 30 years, 27 In LOSI Conference papers, 6- 11 (2012).
TILADI D, OCEANS: THE NEW FRONTIER–A PLANET FOR LIFE 101- 104 (TERI Press 2011).
Anila Premti, Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction: Recent legal developments, Article No. 25 UNCTAD TRANSPORT AND TRADE FACILITATION NEWSLETTER N°80 - FOURTH QUARTER, (2018).Accessed on July 2, 2022. https://unctad.org/news/conservation-and-sustainable-use-marine-biodiversity-areas-beyond-national-jurisdiction-recent
D. Pyć, supra note 19, at 4.
Lee A. Kimball, International Ocean Governance: Using International Law and Organizations to Manage Marine Resources Sustainably, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 25- 30 (2003).
Supra note. at 45- 47.
Supra note 20, §Artice 133, Part XI.
Id
LYLE GLOWKA, EVOLVING PERSPECTIVES ON THE INTERNATIONAL SEABED AREA’S GENETIC RESOURCES: FIFTEEN YEARS AFTER THE “DEEPEST OF IRONIES”, LAW, TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE FOR OCEANS IN GLOBALISATION 401- 402 (Brill | Nijhoff 2010). https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004180406.i-610.132
The negotiations proceed and there is clear conflict between the developed and developing nations on the applicability of the CHM. Developing countries demand for the retention of CHM in the BBNJ also and to extend it for the sustainable use of living resources i.e, MGRs and MGRTK from ABNJ so as to assure benefit sharing as envisaged for deep sea mining carried out under the ISA. Developed nations asks for ‘freedom of high seas’ as recognized in UNCLOS for marine scientific research, that does not demand benefit sharing for the use of, especially commercial benefits from the use of MGRs- resources.
Elisabeth Druel et.al, Getting to yes? Discussions towards an implementing agreement to UNCLOS on biodiversity in ABNJ, POLICY BRIEF IDDR, 2-4 (2013).
Arvid Pardo, Letter from the Permanent Rep. of Malta to the United Nations to the Secretary- General, U.N. Doc. A/50/142, 57- 60 UN Doc. AIC, 1/PV. 1515, (November 1967).
R.P. ANAND, COMMON HERITAGE OF MANKIND: MUTILATION OF AN IDEA, 189-191 INDIAN J. INT'L L, (Brill | Nijhoff 1997). https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004480285_008.
Even though Part XIII of UNCLOS deals specifically on marine scientific research, any of the provisions does not expressly regulate or manage activities involving marine biodiversity.
Supra note 20, §Article 135 on the legal status of the superjacent waters and air space states that “[n]either this Part nor any rights granted or exercised pursuant thereto shall affect the legal status of the waters superjacent to the Area or that of the air space above those waters.”
Supra note 20, §Article 311, UNCLOS states that any negotiations over international agreements and coordination between treaties must consider general provisions of the Law of Sea,
KAWANO, M, Implementation of the Rules of the UNCLOS through Universal and Regional Organizations GLOBAL CHALLENGES AND THE LAW OF THE SEA, 18- 24 (Springer, Cham 2020).
Id.
Tladi D., JACQUET P., PACHAURI R., TUBIANA L. (EDS), “OCEAN GOVERNANCE: A FRAGMENTED REGULATORY FRAMEWORK” IN OCEANS: THE NEW FRONTIER – A PLANET FOR LIFE 102- 103 (Teri Press 2011).
Robin Churchill, The LOSC regime for protection of the marine environment–fit for the twenty-first century?, RESEARCH HANDBOOK ON INTERNATIONAL MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 3, 3-4 Edward Elgar Publishing. (2015).
Id. at 5- 7.
Rosa María Martínez-Vázquez, Challenges of the Blue Economy: evidence and research trends, 33(1) ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 1, 3-4 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-021-00502-1
United Nations Blue Economy Concept Paper, (2014). https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?page=view&type=111&nr=2978&menu=35
The Potential of the Blue Economy: Increasing Long-term Benefits of the Sustainable Use of Marine Resources for Small Island Developing States and Coastal Least Developed Countries, World Bank and United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Bank Washington DC, (2017).
Smith-Godfrey S, Defining the blue economy, 12(1) MARITIME AFFAIRS: JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL MARITIME FOUNDATION OF INDIA 58, 59-62 (2016).
Michelle Voyer et. al, Shades of blue: what do competing interpretations of the Blue Economy mean for oceans governance?. 20(5) JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY & PLANNING 595, 610- 614 (2018).
Pia Frederiksen et.al,, Proposing an ecosystem services-based framework to assess sustainability impacts of maritime spatial plans (MSP-SA), 208 OCEAN & COASTAL MANAGEMENT (2021).
Investing in the SDGs: An Action Plan, UNCTAD UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION, World Investment Report (2014). https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/wir2014_en.pdf
The Potential of the Blue Economy: Increasing Long-term Benefits of the Sustainable Use of Marine Resources for Small Island Developing States and Coastal Least Developed Countries, World Bank and United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Bank, Washington DC, (2017).
Ki- Hoon Lee, Blue economy and the total environment: Mapping the interface, ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL, 157 (2021).
Felix Mallin, Awash with contradiction: capital, ocean space and the logics of the Blue Economy Paradigm, GEOFORUM 113, 121-132 (2020).
Patil, PG, Toward A Blue Economy: A Promise for Sustainable Growth in the Caribbean, An Overview, THE WORLD BANK, WASHINGTON D.C, (2016).
https://www.globalgoals.org/goals/14-life-below-water/
Elisabeth Druel, Sustaining marine life beyond boundaries: options for an implementing agreement for marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, MARINE POLICY 49, 90-97 (2014).
SDG 1 for no poverty and SDG 2 for zero hunger. Through sustainable utilization and exploitation of resources, the interrelated objectives of the SDGs could be achieved. Through participating IPLCs for conservation activities, poverty eradication through assured income is promised. At the same time, sustainable utilization of resources will prevent biodiversity loss resulting in food security for the world, since the marine areas have immense scope for food production through maritime aquaculture practices. https://sdgs.un.org/goals
CLEVER MAFUTA, MAKING THE BLUE ECONOMY HAPPEN. IN THE BLUE ECONOMY IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, 249-250 (ROUTLEDGE 2021).
Supra note 50 at 9.
Gerald G Singh et.al, (2018). A rapid assessment of co-benefits and trade-offs among Sustainable Development Goals, 93 MARINE POLICY 223, 225-226 (2018).
Id. 228.
Supra note 45 at 8.
Supra note 55 at 10
Supra note 57 at 10.
Supra note 16 at 3.
Supra note 16 at 3.
Supra note 50 at 9.
The blue economy: Growth, opportunity and a sustainable ocean economy, Unit E I (2015). https://www. eiuperspectives. economist. com/sustainability/blue-economy/white-paper/blue-economy. Accessed June, 19, 2022.
Id.
David Le Blanc, Mapping the linkages between oceans and other Sustainable Development Goals: a preliminary exploration, 149 DESA Working Paper, 2-3 (2017).
Jessica L. Blythe et.al, The Politics of Ocean Governance Transformation, FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE, 4-6(2021). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.634718
Supra note 52 at 9.
Nathan James Bennett et.al, Blue growth and blue justice: Ten risks and solutions for the ocean economy, 125 MARINE POLICY, 1 (2021).
Id.
Id. at note 33.
Jan Gunner Winther et.al, Integrated Ocean management for a sustainable ocean economy, 4(11) NATURE ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION 1451, 1453-1454 (2020).
Michelle Voyer, Achieving comprehensive integrated ocean management requires normative, applied, and empirical integration, 4(7) ONE EARTH1016, 1018 (2021).
Supra note 74 at 13.
Supra note 70 at 13
Supra note 70 at 13.
Zoe W. Brent et.al, The Blue Fix: Unmasking the politics behind the promise of blue growth, TRANSNATIONAL INSTITUTE 1, 5 (2020).
Published
2023-07-01
How to Cite
KK, S. (2023). Marine Biodiversity Management under the UNCLOS: Scope and Challenges in the era of blue Economy Policy. GLS Law Journal , 5(2), 102-112. https://doi.org/10.69974/glslawjournal.v5i2.109
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Articles
